8.5. Iterating Through Lists

We can use a loop to iterate through the elements in a list in the same way we did with the characters in a string.

8.5.1. Loop by Element

Since a list is simply a sequence of separate data values, Python gives us a way to automatically iterate over those elements.

Example

shopping_list_items = ['apples', 'oranges', 'bananas', 'bread', 'toothpaste']

print('You need to buy:')
for item in shopping_list_items:     # Iterate by element
   print('\t' + item)           # Print a tab followed by the string assigned to 'item'

Console Output

You need to buy:
   apples
   oranges
   bananas
   bread
   toothpaste

The syntax almost reads like natural language: For each item in shopping_list_items, print a tab character plus the item.

Each time the loop repeats, Python assigns the next element in the list to the variable item. The elements may be of any data type.

Tip

To keep the meaning of your code clear, use plural names for your lists—like fruits, cars, even_numbers, etc.

When you iterate through a list, use the singular name for the loop variable.

1. for fruit in fruits:

2. for car in cars:

3. for even_number in even_numbers:

This helps you explain what your code is doing. For example, in step 2, you can think to yourself, Each time the loop repeats, my code takes one car element from the cars list.

8.5.2. Loop by Index

We can also use the range command to generate index values, and then use bracket notation to access each element from the list:

Example

shopping_list_items = ['apples', 'oranges', 'bananas', 'bread', 'toothpaste']

for index in range(len(shopping_list_items)):     # Iterate by index
   print("{0}) {1}".format(index+1, shopping_list_items[index]))

Console Output

1) apples
2) oranges
3) bananas
4) bread
5) toothpaste

Note the following:

1. In this loop, range(len(shopping_list_items)) generates a sequence of integers up to but not including the length of the list. Since len(shopping_list_items) returns the value 5, this list of integers will be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

2. Each time the loop repeats, Python assigns the next integer in the sequence to the variable index.

3. In line 4, note how we use the index values to calculate the item numbers and access each element from the list.

   1. The {0} placeholder gets filled with the value of index plus one. Since index takes the values 0 - 4, the output shows the line numbers 1 - 5.

   2. The {1} placeholder gets filled with one element from the list. When index is 0, shopping_list_items[index] returns 'apples'. The next time the loop repeats, index is 1, and shopping_list_items[index] returns 'oranges'.

8.5.3. Which Syntax Should We Use?

Should we loop by element or loop by index? In many cases, the choice comes down to personal preference. Sometimes, however, one option will be better than the other.

Example

Given scores = [10, 25, 8, 33, 0], the code shows two ways to add up all of the values from the list:

for score in scores:             # Option 1: Loop by element
   total_points += score

for index in range(len(scores)): # Option 2: Loop by index
   total_points += scores[index]

The end result is the same for both loops, total_points winds up with a value of 76. However, the syntax for looping by element (option 1) is cleaner, since we do not have to worry about bracket notation.

This example shows doing something WITH the list elements. We access each one in turn and add it to total_points. We do NOT change any of the elements themselves. print(scores) returns [10, 25, 8, 33, 0] even after the loop finishes.

The next example shows a case where we change the values of some list elements:

Example

Given scores = [10, 25, 8, 33, 0], the code below changes the points for some of the values:

print(scores)

for index in range(len(scores)):    # Loop by index
   if index >= 2:                   # Check position in list
      scores[index] += 12           # If True, increase the value of the element

print(scores)

Console Output

[10, 25, 8, 33, 0]
[10, 25, 20, 45, 12]

Take a moment to think about what happens inside this loop. We change the value of an element based on its position in the list.

1. Each time the loop runs, index gets assigned the next value in the sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

2. Line 4 checks if the element in the list is at index 2 or later. If True, we add 12 points to the value.

3. We use the bracket notation in line 5 to change the value of the selected element.

We can also change list elements based on their values instead of their locations:

Example

print(scores)

for index in range(len(scores)):    # Loop by index
   if scores[index]%2 == 0:         # Check if the current score is even
      scores[index] *= 2            # If True, double the score

print(scores)

Console Output

[10, 25, 8, 33, 0]
[20, 25, 16, 33, 0]

1. Line 4 checks if the value for the current list element is even.

2. If True, line 5 doubles the value and reassigns it to the same index location in the list.

Since lists are mutable, we can use a loop to change some or all of the elements. To do this, we must know the position of the element in the list, and this requires an index value.

8.5.3.1. Take Home Ideas

1. If we need to access the values inside a list without changing the list itself, then looping by element is the cleaner approach.

2. Looping by element avoids index out of range errors.

3. If we need to change one or more of the values in a list, then we MUST loop by index.

4. If we need to access elements based on their position, then looping by index is the better choice.

8.5.4. Try It!

The following program contains a list of turtle colors and shapes. It is an extension of the sprite loop, but the idea here is to use the number of colors in the list to draw and shade each leg.

1. On line 15, set up a for statement that iterates through the elements in the colors list.

   1. Inside the loop, use the loop variable to set the color for bob.

   2. Move bob forward and back 75 units. (If you wish, add a stamp at the end of each leg).

   3. Use bob.left(360.0/len(colors)) to make bob rotate by the proper amount.

   4. Run your program to verify that your code works (feel free to change the number of elements in the colors list). Properly done, your output should behave something like this:

      

2. On line 12, set up a for statement that iterates by index through the colors list.

   1. Inside the loop, use the index value to reassign the color values in the list.

   2. Replace each string in the list with the darker version of the same color (e.g. blue gets replaced with dark blue).

   3. Run your program to verify that your code works. Properly done, your output should now behave something like this:

      

3. BONUS: Using index values, try iterating over both the shapes and colors lists.