13.7. Adding Methods to a Class

Recall that methods are the specific actions that objects can take. Methods can either return a result, update property values, or both.

So far, we have learned how to set property values inside the initialization method, __init__. To assign methods to each new object, we must define them inside the class, but outside of __init__.

13.7.1. Return to the Class Design

Earlier, we made a list of property names that we wanted to include in our Cat class. We will repeat that process now, but this time we will record ideas about what a Cat object should do.

Try It!

If you saved your work from the Design a New Class section, you should see your list of properties in the editor below. If not, don’t worry! You can still record your method ideas.

Take a moment to think of some cat behaviors that we want our objects to have.

1. Below the last triple quote line (''') add a new comment:

   # Make a list of methods that describe cat behaviors:
   

2. On the next line, add another set of triple quotes ('''). Below this, type some possible method names. Examples include make_noise(), increase_age(), eat(), or ignore_humans().

3. Include parentheses () with each name, but don’t worry about setting parameters or coding anything yet.

4. Finish your list with another triple quote line.

Add at least three method names to the editor, but don’t limit yourself to the given examples. Include your own ideas!

Note

Why triple quotes? This syntax allows us to break a single string over multiple lines in the editor. We use them here to record our ideas but keep the editor from flagging an error.

Now that we have some possible Cat actions, let’s see how to turn them into code.

13.7.2. Define a New Method

To add a new method, the syntax is similar to a function definition:

class ClassName:
   def __init__(self, parameters):
      # Assignment statements...

   def method_name(self, parameters):
      # Function code...

Note the following:

1. The def keyword is used to define the new method.

2. method_name follows the same naming conventions we use for functions.

3. All methods must include the self parameter, which appears first in the parentheses ().

4. Additional parameters may or may not be used, depending on what we need the method to do.

13.7.3. Add a Method to the Cat Class

As mentioned above, methods can return a value or change a property value. Let’s update our Cat class to include increase_age(). This method will take the age property of a Cat object and make it larger.

Try It!

On line 6, we define a method to increase a cat’s age by 1 year. Note the following:

1. The method requires no parameters other than self.

2. The statement self.age += 1 updates the age property by 1 unit.

3. No return statement is needed for this method. It takes the current value of the age property and increases it by 1.

Now do the following:

1. On line 9, create a new cat object with the statement cat_1 = Cat('Whiskers', 3).

2. Print the value for cat_1.age.

3. On line 12, call the method with the statement cat_1.increase_age(). No arguments are needed inside the parentheses (). The code automatically assigns cat_1 to self.

4. Print cat_1.age again to see its new value.

As written, the increase_age() method only increases the value of age by 1 year. Let’s modify the method to add a user specified amount of years.

1. In the editor above, add another parameter in line 6. Call this variable increase, and assign it a default value of 1.

2. Change line 7 to be self.age += increase.

3. On line 12, include an argument inside the parentheses. Run the program several times using different values to check your code. Also, try running the code without placing an argument in the method call.

OK! The Cat class now has a method. All objects made from the class will be able to call increase_age().

13.7.4. Return Values

Next, let’s add a method that returns a value when called. We will name it make_noise(), and it will return the sound our cat makes based on its current mood.

Try It!

Examine the code below, then run the program.

Notice that no output appears in the console when we run the program. This is because the code contains no print statements! The make_noise() method returns a value. In order for us to see it, we need to tell the program to display the data.

1. Put cat_1.make_noise('hungry') inside a print statement and then run the program. Meow! should appear in the console.

2. On line 23, cat_2.make_noise('happy') returns a value. Assign that value to a new variable, then print the variable. Purr! should now show up in the console.

3. Try changing the arguments inside the method calls. How does the method decide which noise to return?

4. Add another elif block to the method code to deal with one more option for mood. Test your code by running the program and sending the new mood value to the method.

When Python comes to a method call, it evaluates that expression. If the method returns a value, Python can then work with that result.

13.7.5. Add Your Own Method

You started this page by listing your ideas for possible Cat methods. Take another look at your list and choose one item.

In the editor from the Return Values section:

1. Code your choice as the third method inside the Cat class. Your new method can either update a property value, return a value, or do both.

2. At the bottom of the editor, call your new method on cat_1 and cat_2 to make sure it works as expected.

13.7.6. Improving make_noise()

Notice that we must provide an argument for a cat’s mood when we call make_noise(). However, mood seems like a good property to include with our object.

If we add a mood property to our Cat class, we can use it in the method code instead of setting up a new parameter.

class Cat:
   def __init__(self, name, age, mood):
      self.name = name
      self.age = age
      self.mood = mood.lower()

   def increase_age(self, increase = 1):
      self.age += increase

   def make_noise(self):
      if self.mood == 'hungry':
         noise = "Meow!"
      elif self.mood == 'angry':
         noise = "HISS!"
      else:
         noise = "Purr!"

      return noise

1. On line 5, we define the mood property and assign it a value when a new Cat object is created. By including the .lower() string method here, we can remove it from the conditionals in make_noise().

2. Inside the make_noise() code block, self.mood accesses the current value of the property and compares it to the different options.

3. If we change mood in a different part of our code (say, by feeding or petting our cat), we do not need to worry about sending in the new value when we call the method. Any changes to the property are immediately available inside the method.

13.7.7. Check Your Understanding

Question

What is printed with this program runs?

class Plant:
   def __init__(self, type, height, soil):
      self.type = type
      self.height = height
      self.soil = soil

   def grow(self, watered):
      if watered and self.soil == 'dry':
         self.height = self.height + 2
         self.soil = 'wet'
         return "Your plant is healthy."
      elif watered and self.soil == 'wet':
         return "You're killing your plant!"
      elif self.soil == 'wet':
         self.height = self.height + 1
         self.soil = 'dry'
         return "Water your plant soon."
      else:
         return "You killed your plant."

fern = Plant('Fern', 5, 'wet')
fern.grow(True)
print(fern.height)

1. 5
2. 6
3. Your plant is healthy.
4. You're killing your plant!

Question

Given sticky = Plant('Bamboo', 100, 'dry'), what would be the value for height after the following statements run?

sticky.grow(True)
sticky.grow(False)
sticky.grow(True)
sticky.grow(True)

1. 108
2. 106
3. 105
4. 104